Academic writting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Vertical and Vertiginous

Vertical and Vertiginous Vertical and Vertiginous Vertical and Vertiginous By Simon Kewin A precarious move up a mountain is in some cases depicted as â€Å"vertiginous†, as in the accompanying citation from a portrayal of a climb up the Inca Trail: You have the opportunity to make the vertiginous move to its culmination for sensational perspectives on the city spread out underneath. You may be pardoned for believing that â€Å"vertiginous† is identified with â€Å"vertical†, maybe with the extra ramifications of being unsafe and risky. Indeed, the two words are from various roots and have very unmistakable implications. Vertical, which is the modifier type of the English thing vertex, comes initially from the indistinguishable Latin word vertex, which means a whirlpool or a highest point. A line is vertical in the event that it ascends to a vertex, opposite to the skyline. In this way, a vertical precipice is one that goes straight up from the beginning. Vertiginous, in the interim, implies confounding; it’s the descriptive type of the thing vertigo, which means unsteadiness or happiness. It gets from the Latin word vertigo, which means spinning. In this way, a climb would not need to be vertical so as to be vertiginous and, on the off chance that you weren’t inclined to vertigo, it could be vertical and not vertiginous. A few word references recommend that the Latin words vertex and vertigo do share a typical root : vertere, which means to turn. It’s simple to perceive how vertiginous has developed from this significance, with its feeling of woozy spinning. Vertical, in the interim, probably determines on the grounds that something could pivot around a vertical hub. Need to improve your English shortly a day? Get a membership and begin getting our composing tips and activities day by day! Continue learning! Peruse the Misused Words class, check our well known posts, or pick a related post below:100 Words for Facial Expressions50 Idioms About Roads and Paths20 Ways to Cry

How Self-Disclosure Affects Relationships

How Self-Disclosure Affects Relationships Theories Social Psychology Print How Self-Disclosure Affects Relationships By Kendra Cherry facebook twitter Kendra Cherry, MS, is an author, educational consultant, and speaker focused on helping students learn about psychology. Learn about our editorial policy Kendra Cherry Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on February 27, 2017 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on October 10, 2019 Jose Luis Pelaez Inc / Getty Images More in Theories Social Psychology Behavioral Psychology Cognitive Psychology Developmental Psychology Personality Psychology Biological Psychology Psychosocial Psychology When you meet someone new, are you one of those people who immediately share personal and intimate details of your life? Or are you someone who holds back such information and shares only the deeply private things about yourself with a select few? This sharing of personal details about your lifeâ€"your feelings, thoughts, memories, and other such thingsâ€"is referred to as self-disclosure.?? If you tend to share a lot right away, then you likely have a high level of self-disclosure. If you are more reserved about such things, then you have lower levels of self-disclosure. But this self-disclosure entails more than how much you are willing to tell others about yourself; it is also a crucial building block of intimacy and absolutely vital to a wide variety of social relationships. After all, how far would a romance go if you were not willing to share your thoughts and experiences with your partner? Self Disclosure is a Mutual Give-and-Take Building a successful relationship involves a mutual give-and-take between partners.?? Self-disclosure may be more limited in the early stages of a new relationship, but part of the reason people grow closer and more deeply involved is that they become progressively more open to sharing with their partner. In order to build a deep and trusting relationship, some level of self-disclosure is necessary and the more intimate the relationship, the deeper this disclosure tends to be.?? Self-disclosure can sometimes go wellâ€"it can lead to closer relationships and a better-shared understanding with the people you come into contact with each day. But sometimes these personal revelations dont go quite as planned. Have you ever said a bit too much during a job interview? Or posted something a little too personal on Facebook? Inappropriate or poorly timed self-disclosure can sometimes lead to embarrassment and can even damage relationships.?? Successful self-disclosure hinges on a variety of factors, including the type of relationship people share, the setting in which this information is relayed, and the current level of intimacy shared by those involved. Self-Disclosure Influences How a Relationship Develops So how do people determine what to disclose about themselves and when? According to social penetration theory, the process of getting to know another person is characterized by a reciprocal sharing of personal information. This back-and-forth self-disclosure influences how a relationship develops, including how quickly the relationship forms and how close the relationship becomes.?? At the beginning stages of a relationship, people tend to be more cautious  about how much they share with others. Whether you are at the early stages of a friendship, a working partnership, or a romantic affair, you will probably be more reticent about sharing your feelings, hopes, thoughts, dreams, fears, and memories. As the relationship becomes closer, as you begin to share more and more with the other person, your level of self-disclosure will also increase as well. Why People Tend to Share More When Others Share First When someone tells you something deeply personal, do you ever feel compelled to share some similar detail from your own life? It is what is known as the norm of reciprocity that often makes us feel pressure to share with other people who have already divulged something about their own lives and feelings to us.?? If someone tells you how they felt after reading a book, then you might feel a need to reciprocate and articulate how the book made you feel. If someone shares a painful experience from their recent past, then you might also feel a need to relate a similar difficulty that you faced in your own life. Why do we feel a need to reciprocate in such situations? When someone shares something intimate, it creates a sort of imbalance. You suddenly know a great deal about this other person, but they might not know as much about you. In order to even out this perceived inequity, you might choose to share something that will help even out the levels of shared information between you and the other individual. Factors That Can Influence Self-Disclosure Researchers have found that a number of different factors can have an impact on self-disclosure. Overall personality can play an important role. People who are naturally extroverted and who have an easier time forming relationships with others are more likely to self-disclose more early on in a relationship. People who are naturally introverted or reserved tend to take much longer to get to know other people, which is often influenced by their tendency to hold back on disclosing things about themselves.?? These individuals typically only self-disclose to people they know well, but their lack of self-disclosure can often make it difficult for other people to get to really know them. Mood is another factor that can influence how much personal information people choose to share with others. Researchers have found that people who are in a good mood are more likely to self-disclose than those in a bad mood. Why? Because being in a good mood leads people to be more optimistic and confident while being in a bad  mood makes people feel more restrained and cautious.?? Lonely people also tend to self-disclose much less than people who are not lonely.?? This lack of self-disclosure can, unfortunately, make it more difficult for people to get to know those suffering from loneliness, which can thereby exacerbate that individuals feelings of isolation. Researchers have also found that sometimes situations, where people are anxious or afraid of something, can increase how much they share with others, often as a way to gain support and alleviate these fears.?? How we compare ourselves to other people can also influence how much we choose to self-disclose. According to the social comparison process, people tend to judge themselves based on how they measure up to other people. If you feel like you compare well with those around you, then you are more likely to disclose your skills, knowledge, abilities, and talents. If you feel like other people are superior to you in these areas, then you will probably be less likely to reveal these aspects of yourself.?? Researchers have also discovered that concern about self-disclosure is one of the most common reasons why people fail to seek therapy when they are in need of help. Therapy obviously involves a great deal of self-disclosure, and therapy clients often need to share some of the most intimate and distressing details about themselves with their therapist.?? For those who are uncomfortable with self-disclosure, this can be a daunting task that makes them less likely to seek help when they really need it. Final Thoughts Self-disclosure is a remarkably complex communication process that has a powerful impact on how our relationships with others form, progress, and endure. How we share, what we share, and when we share are just a few of the factors that can influence whether our self-disclosure is effective and appropriate.

William Manchester And The Medieval Mind - 1254 Words

William Manchester divides the period of time from A.D. 400 to roughly the 1600s into three parts in A World Lit Only By Fire. The first part, entitled â€Å"The Medieval Mind,† is how the standards of living and the overall wellbeing of the people living in that time were and how education was virtually nonexistent. The book then shifts to the second section, entitled â€Å"The Shattering,† this section describes the intellectual movements and activities, such as the Protestant Reformation, that ended up destroying the Medieval Mindset and replacing it with a mindset that questions everything about authority. The third and final section of Manchester’s novel is entitled, â€Å"One Man Alone.† This section focuses on Magellan and the three year voyage of†¦show more content†¦The Church was beginning to replace imperial Rome when Rome fell in A.D. 476 and shortly after in A.D. 493 the Franks were the first people as a nation to accept Christ and be baptized. As the Church gained traction, one of the key concepts that they wanted to expunge was the influence of pagan religions. St. Augustine wrote The City of God about the actions of the Roman people on the very topic that the people because of their sins had gotten themselves into their own mess. Another way that the Church helped to expunge pagan influences was to build churches and cathedrals on pagan temples. They also came up with religious feasts to replace pagan feasts that would be going on at the same time. Another problem that had arisen for the Holy See was the struggle with royalty. An example, is when Gregory VII excommunicated Emperor Henry IV and he was only absolved by spending three days and nights prostrate outside the papal castle. A great wound to the Vatican that was self-inflicted was when Pope Clement V moved the papacy to France where it remained for nearly sixty years before Pope Gregory XI returned it to Rome. This altercation led to a problem, for the next near ly forty years, there were two Vicars of Christ, one in Rome and an antipope in France. As earlier stated mostly all of the people at this time were illiterate so they never really knew what was going on since they were unable to read or write. There was also no concept of

The Indian Experience Of India - 1057 Words

Indian Experience India is the second largest populous country in the world with a diverse population and culture. It is one of the oldest civilizations dating back 4,500 years. The population is made up of numerous different ethnicities and religions. The culture was heavily influenced by different civilizations that once occupied India; food is no exception. Indian cuisine is known for its diverse and wide ranging assortment of dishes as well as its extensive variety of herbs and especially spices (Live Science, 2015). The knowledge of this is what inspired my Cultural Experience choice. As an experience in cultural diversity, I chose to go to an Indian Restaurant and then shop at an Indian grocery store. I spent two hours at†¦show more content†¦We arrived shortly after 1pm, so the restaurant did not have many patrons. There were only two other tables occupied at the time. One was a large Indian family seated at a long row of tables down the center of the restaurant and the other was a table of Caucasian women in the booth behind ours. Our server, the same man who seated us, brought us water and directed us toward the buffet. The first thing I noticed when approaching the buffet was the smell. There were so many different spices and food smells lingering in the air it was unbelievably appetizing. The buffet was rather extensive, with about 20 different dish options to choose from including naan and dessert. I did not hesitate. I took a little bit of everything until my plate was full. I then proceeded to cover the plate with several pieces of garlic naan. The food was simply delicious. It ranged from every level of spiciness without being so spicy that it killed the taste. My favorite dishes were a spiced zucchini dish and the Aloo Mater which is a potato and green pea dish with a perfect blend of Indian spices. Also, the naan was extraordinary; soft and crispy with slivered green onion and pureed garlic spread on top. We also ordered chai which was delicious an d had the right amount of warmth and caffeine for the afternoon. It complimented the Kheer (an Indian style rice pudding) perfectly. The food was an overall amazing experience. Some of the best food I have everShow MoreRelatedLouis Vuitton in India1463 Words   |  6 Pagesthreats for Luxury goods in India. Is there a product- market fit for luxury goods in India, in particular, given that India is still a low- income economy overall? A. Opportunities 1-The first mover advantage amongst the luxury goods segment. Also the historic business association with the LV brand create a strong brand recall in this segment. 2-The emergence of of high net worth consumers which is the 2nd fastest growing in the world. Also the Ascendance of the Indian middle class segment whereRead MoreE.M Forster’s novel A Passage to India1026 Words   |  5 PagesPassage to India to be a representation of ‘’the real life of politics in India, the intricacy of personal relations, the story itself, the muddle and the mystery of life’’ (Jay, 1998). Fosters novel has been the subject of literary criticism from many angles given the highly controversial subject matter which is called into question as to whether it is a genuine representation of India under colonisation written from an objective experience, and whether this attempt to represent India is successfulRead MoreGender Roles In Devadasi By Rishi Redd1491 Words   |  6 PagesAmerica and traveled to India for a family member’s wedding, she discovered these differing customs first hand of America versus India. As she spent t ime exploring India, she learned more about her true roots and how they differ from her current life in America. Along the way, she developed strong opinions about the differing values of the Indian people and how they compared to those back at home. The main character, Uma, in the short story â€Å"Devadasi† by Rishi Redd, experiences examples of gender rolesRead MoreAn Inside Look at Starbucks1185 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"rewarding coffeehouse† experience. In addition to coffee they offer selection of Tazo teas, pastries and other snack items like Panini to please the taste buds. For creating overall coffee house experience Starbucks stores have an appealing music and dà ©cor. Their focus in United States is to create a gathering place where people can chat, sit work much more just than a coffee place. Starbucks has a global presence over 17,000 stores all over the world. Starbucks entered India in 2012 as a joint 50:50Read MoreIndian Partition And Its Effect857 Words   |  4 Pagespreferences were not honored. The decision to partition India was not a simple decision, but, in fact, the very opposite of that; India was in a state of such mayhem that it seemed as if it would be impossible to come up with the perfect solution. Eventually, the British government was forced to partition India and virtually everyone was forced to make dire sacrifices. As India was divided into the nation of Pakistan and the Republic of India, it is not an understatement to suggest that millions ofRead MoreAn Unknown Girl by Moniza Alvi1883 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"An Unknown Girl† by Moniza Alvi is a free verse poem about the author’s experience getting her hand hennaed in an Indian bazaar. Throughout the poem, Alvi makes use of structure techniques like end-stopped lines, occasional rhymes, language, imagery, and changes in tone to explore different aspects of the concept of identity. Moniza Alvi uses the format of the poem to illustrate how the speaker’s identity is split between East and West. The poem itself is centered in the middle of the page. FromRead MoreBella Health care india1371 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿Ã‚  Should Bella Healthcare India take on Project TKO and develop an EKG specifically for the local market?   Why or why not? TKO, â€Å"Technical Knockout†, is single channel EKG, Bella Healthcare India is planning to launch in Indian market. As per my opinion, Bella has many reasons to take up this opportunity. I will categorise these reasons in two broad categories, External and Internal factors. First external factor that affects decision of Bella to take TKO is large population of India with insufficientRead MoreM A Ideal Candidate For Futureprint1409 Words   |  6 Pagescurrently the Vice President (VP) of FuturePrint in Canada for 25 years. Though, she has no direct experience with Indian market but MA was the part of planning and negotiating activities in the partnership with Biodesign Technologies. MA is talented enough to support the strategic vision of FuturePrint at Canada. MA is familiar and has expertise in all the services offered by FuturePrint, also she has experience in starting up new sites in different cities of Canada for FuturePrint. As FuturePrint isRead MoreWorld War I, Took Place Between The Periods 1914 To 1918.1437 Words   |  6 Pagesperiod, the British had already settled in India and were oppressing the local Indians. When the war broke out, they asked the Indian soldiers to take part in the war with a promise of Independence if they emerged victoriously. The Indians kept their word and sent their soldiers to war and even became successful, but the British did not keep their end of the deal. They failed to grant India their independence and continued to oppress them. Therefore, the Indians felt that their soldiers had helped theRead MoreInternational Perceptions Of Management As An American Invention932 Words   |  4 Pageswell as an additional potential for cross-cultural friction. While these differences affect things like chain of command, they also impart differences in what is considered acceptable workplace behavior as illustrated by Todd’s experience in Italy. The Italian experience also highlights how cultural models, while helpful, do not apply uniformly. Italy is a high uncertainty avoidance, low indulgence culture (Geert-hofstede.com, 2015). While these scores would not lead one to believe that drinking

Child Slavery Free Essays

In the 21st century we have millions of people living with the constant uncertainty of waking up tomorrow. They are not dying of old age – their life has Just begun, they are not living with cancer – their life expectancy Is much shorter, but they are amongst the 27 million men, women and children Involved In the impoverished slave trade. As an ambassador for anti-slavery, I Emma Smith, do not need to argue the wrongfulness of slavery for, as stated by Frederick Douglass In 1 852, â€Å"there Is not a man beneath the canopy of heaven who does not know that slavery is wrong†. We will write a custom essay sample on Child Slavery or any similar topic only for you Order Now On numerous occasions I have witnessed the horror firsthand. I have watched as the statistics continue to exponentially increase. And I have inevitably visited the graves of those who have paved the ultimate price. It is for this reason that I demand change for the better, change for the future and change for the victims who’s pleads go unheard. How in the day of modern technology, can we as a society, have allowed the continuation of these horrific acts of slavery to progress from centuries ago? As you should know, the International Labor Organization formally defined forced Barbour, or slavery, at the forced labor convention In 1930. This definition Is still relevant today and dictates that forced labor Is considered â€Å"all work or service which Is exacted from any person under the threat of a penalty and for which the said person has not offered himself or herself voluntarily. † However, for far too long violations against your human rights doctrine have occurred and consequently, these discrepancies in the system are having detrimental effects. Of the population of slaves in the world today a large percentage is comprised of young innocent children. Can you imagine your child being ripped away from your arms and disposed of to the highest bidder, like sheep in the market? It might sound cruel, it might sound careless, it might sound corrupt but this is the reality for many defined by their cultural attitude and lack of political interference in the cocoa industry. â€Å"While the term slavery has a variety of historical contexts, slavery in the cocoa industry involves the same core human rights violations as other forms of slavery throughout the world† and consumers are oblivious. In developed countries we acknowledge that chocolate homebodies happiness, gratification and luxury but for those children enslaved on the Ivory Coast, yet to taste a morsel of chocolate, its symbolism is quite the opposite. At present, 900 million kilograms of chocolate is consumed each year of which 40 percent is believed to have been contaminated with slavery. A young boy named Amanda was lucky enough to have escaped the exploitation in Africa and pronounces that â€Å"when people eat chocolate, they eat my flesh. Child slavery is the secret ingredient in chocolate however this must stop, this must cease and the inexcusable tactics have to come to an end. The cocoa industry has benefited from the use of forced labor since the early 1 9th century. However, a re-examination of past preventative measures along with a coherent framework for future success will enable a productive start to ceasing all child slavery. You, as the united Nations, have the potential to Intervene as violat ions of your doctrines have occurred for centuries. So why has nothing yet been established? My organization and a collaboration of others plead for intervention. We demand a review of the existing conventions on Furthermore we ask of you to force political involvement in affected countries and with this include resources and funds to ensure that the industry is no longer commercially viable. Finally, the extremity of this situation should involve the disallowing of imports and exports of cocoa which have been tampered by this horrific slavery. In order to cease the production of money through the blood, sweat and tears of all those suffering in bondage, labor camps and disease-ridden chains, the commitment of the United Nations has become imperative. The slavery industry s growing however, this is one industry which must not benefit from growth. You have heard the statistics and you have heard the facts but now is the time for change. No longer can countries, such as Africa, continue to economically exploit the vulnerable and companies must not resort to the use of child slave labor in order to keep prices competitive. I have called for change and I can now only hope that this will be achieved. How to cite Child Slavery, Papers

The Writing Style of the Last Leaf free essay sample

He is good at portraying minor characters. The sense of humor is the biggest characteristic of his short stories. He tends to make the end beyond all expectations, and he focus on the minor characters’ living condition. The Last Leaf is one of his most famous short stories, and it best reflects his unique writing style. It is a story about living. It tells an impressive story among three poor and unsuccessful artists. It is a story about living. Old Behrman uses his life to save Johnsy’s life by drawing the last leaf of the ivy in a rain stormy night. During the first ten years after O’Henry’s death, there rose a surge about O’Henry study in America, and his prestige reached the peak. He is called â€Å"the new father of America literature†. Now O’Henry still attracts scholars home and aboard. Liu Wencui’s â€Å"A Study of O’Henry’s Writing Methods in his Short Story ‘The Gift of Magi’† explores O’Henry’s peculiar writing methods used in â€Å"The Gift of Magi† by addressing the distinctive title which combines metaphorical meaning, the living language with proper wording and the reasonable and surprising ending. We will write a custom essay sample on The Writing Style of the Last Leaf or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Liu Wencui, 2001) Then Wen Jiexia contrasts and compares O’Henry with Maupassant in â€Å"A Comparative Study between Maupassant and O’Henry in Short Story Layout†. Both O’Henry and Maupassant are skillful at short story writing and famous for their ingenious and exquisite layouts. Each of them has characteristic and style in plot, ending and narration. By doing so, Wen Jiexia shows the ingenious writing skills of O’Henry which comes from everyday life experiences. O’Henry writes ordinary scenes of life, but he can extract vivid and unique plots from common scenes. O’Henry tells his stories in an ordinary objective tone, with insertions of subjective comments, while Maupassant is objective, real and natural. O’Henry criticizes the social reality by displaying the macroscopic appearance with microscopic reflection. (Wen jiexia, 2002) Moreover, in â€Å"Narrative Analysis of O’Henry’s Writing Technique† Zhang Wenhua explains the theme on human virtues in O’Henry’s works with the binary opposition in the structural theory. The writer comments on the modes of the opening and ending with the theory of narrative modes. The typical surprising ending in O’Henry’s works is analyzed with the technique of defamiliarization. By doing so, Zhang Wenhua presents the unique characteristics of O’Henry’s works with regard to the narrative analysis. (Zhang Wenhua, 2007) O’Henry’s unique writing styles—vivid plots, frequent coincidences, humorous language, unexpected ending and which moveding theme impress readers deeply. In this thesis, the author try to account for O’Henry’s writing style reflected in The Last Leaf. By discussing the language, structure and characterization portrayal, this thesis shows the concise and lifesome language, the ingenious arrangement and lively characters of this short story of O’Henry. II. Language Features. O’Henry’s language has distinctive features: humor, simplicity, unique design, proper choice of words. In The Last Leaf, O’Henry chooses exact, laconic, vivid words and various sentences to describe the background and scene of this short story, to make a psychological portrayal of the characters to be vivid and charming. By doing this, O’Henry wants to make the readers enter the story,story; assumeing that readers share a prior knowledge of the incidents of the story with narrator. We can see these features clearly in his masterpiece The Last Leaf. A. The Accurate Choice of words At the beginning paragraph of The Last Leaf, O’Henry uses accurate words to make the readers know the environment where the story is happening. O’Henry uses â€Å"colony†, just one word, to let the readers realize that people who live there are poor and unsuccessful in their career. This also forms a strong contrast with the end of the story: people live in that place can have masterpiece as well. William Shakespeare has a wisdom, â€Å"Brevity is the soul of wit†, that is to use the least words to express a great amount of information, to use short and common but complex words, to leave out the redundant and vague words. In the sentence, â€Å"Then she swaggered into Johnsy’s room with her drawing board, whistling jazz. †, â€Å"swaggered† is more concise and to the point than â€Å"walk in a self-satisfactory†. And this behavior shows that Sue would not let Johnsy worry. B. The Rhetorical Devices To make the story more vivid and attractive, O’Henry uses a series of rhetorical devices. In November a cold, unseen stranger whom the doctors called Pneumonia, stalked about the colony, touching one here and there with his icy gingers. Over on the east side this ravager strode boldly, striking his victims by scores, but his feet trod slowly through the maze of the narrow and moss-grown ‘places’. (O’ Henry: 15) O’Henry uses personification in these sentences, and the parts with lineation in the sentences compare exactly and lively. Pneumonia is a ruthless and cruel devil, who deprives of the life of the weak. â€Å"†¦, said Johnsy, closing her eyes and lying white and still as a fallen statue. † In this sentence, O’Henry uses simile. â€Å"a fallen statue† reflects Johnsy’s desperation for her recovery. And O’Henry choices The Last Leaf as the title of this short story to symbolize the end of Behrman’s life as well as to symbolize the regeneration of Johnsy. Thus the title highlights the theme of this short story. All in all, proper wording greatly increases O’Henry’s power of expression. C. The Variety of Sentences From the perspective of rhetoric,sentences not only call for correction in grammar, but also require change in the form, which will help to achieve the diversification of the forms of expression and enhance the effect of expression. To fit the language characteristics of the characters in the work, there are more simple sentences than complex sentences, more phrase than long sentences in The Last Leaf. But to enhance the effect of the expression, the author still manages to achieve the diversity of sentences by arranging sentences with different forms and sentences of varying lengths reasonably and cleverly. Take the second paragraph of this story for example: â€Å"so the artists soon came prowling to quaint old Greenwich Village hunting for north windows and eighteenth-century gables and Dutch attics and low rents. Then it becomes a colony. † These sentences are more vivid and smooth and have a sense of rhythm in reading. But if there are all simple sentences, the story may become tedious. In addition, in the sentence â€Å"What was there to count? † the author uses rhetorical interrogative as emphasis to avoid speaking in a dull, flat style. By doing this, O’Henry not only highlights the following parts of the story, but also arouses interests of the readers. This story has four dialogues, in which the phrases are too numerous to mention. It mainly performs as the elliptical sentence: â€Å"Paint? ——bosh! † â€Å"Twelve eleven. † â€Å"Five what, dear? † â€Å"Leaves, on the ivy vine. † These sentences, short and powerful, highlighting key information, simplifying the expression procedures, enhancing the language effects, are shortcut of language communication. Meanwhile, the story has inserted a number of long sentences, including both natural and simple loose sentences, and some periodic sentences which are end-loaded, playing a role of emphasizing. â€Å"As Sue was sketching a pair of elegant riding trousers and a monocle on the figure of the hero, an Idaho cowboy, she heard a low sound, repeated several times. † This long sentence is a periodic sentence. O’Henry places the main part of the sentence at the end, to stress this part and to attract readers to read on. Another example is a passage in which Johnsy says: â€Å"Tell me as soon as you have finished because 1 want to see the last one fall, I’m tired of waiting. I’m tired of thinking. I want to turn loose my hold on everything and go sailing down, down, just like one of those poor tired leaves. † The first sentence is loose sentence, with a clause to show reasons; the last sentence is also a loose sentence. â€Å"Down†, â€Å"just like leaves† these added modifiers vividly describe Johnsy’s despair. O’Henry inserts short sentences in long sentences skillfully to make the story rhythmic, and full of appeal. Distinctive â€Å"O. Henry technique† is able to touch the hearts of the readers largely because of its unique art of language. O’Henry uses easy understanding, lifesome and concise language to portray characters and develops layouts. It can be said that language is the tool of the â€Å"O. Henry technique† and plays an important role. Structure Features Clever stylistic rules and layout can make the fiction achieve unexpected artistic effect. The fiction has its own unique structure features, and the most basic elements are the background, characters, events and outcomes. O’Henry lets these elements intersperse and completes each other to serve the main plot. In The Last Leaf, O. Henry uses apparent and shade clues: Johnsy’s hopelessness of life is the apparent clue, and Behrman in wet and windy night painting that piece of leaf on the wall is the shade clue. The use of two clues constitute plot blank to make the reader recreate the story plots, and the end of the story has a surprising and unexpected effect. We can see these features clearly in his masterpiece The Last Leaf. A. O’ Henry’s ending The ending is O. Henry’s champion, which shows that O. Henry is the master of artistic skills. The ending holds primary importance in the â€Å"O. Henry technique†, and has become a symbol and a mark. When people mention O. Henry’s stories, their first thought may be the unexpected ending. It can be said that â€Å"O. Henry ending† has become a salient literary phenomenon in the world’s literature and has swept across the literary world. Ancient and modern literary masters all think the ending is important and most of them stress on the function of the ending. Chekhov says whoever invents the new ending, opens up a new era. O. Henry’s ending has a finishing touch function on story, and capable of making the whole works suddenly fly out into the highest level of art. Throughout O’Henry’s works, the attractive plots like mountain spring water, whether it meets stone block, or in the flat, ups and downs, it can all flow freely, surging ahead. When the readers are brought by this spring to the destination, the spring turns rapidly in different direction, changing to a sudden turning, giving the readers an unexpected end. Faced with this unexpected outcome, the readers tend to be puzzled. But after the shock, the readers can immediately realize what has happened and find that this unexpected ending is real and reasonable. The Last Leaf is a typical work and can be serve as a good illustration. At the beginning, when the doctor said Johnsy only has 10% possibility to recover, the readers cannot help hating the disease, while showing sympathy for the poor girl. Later, the readers’ attention may turn to the pieces of falling leaves outside the window. They are holding the hope for Johnsy to live. The readers as well as Johnsy know that the last leaf will be falling, but they all hope it will not fall. But they are surprised by the result. The next morning it is still swaying in the wind, bringing Johnsy hope and giving readers comfort. The dialogue of the last paragraph pushes the story to a climax and the unknown Behrman leaves his first and last famous work. But the pneumonia deprives him of his life. So the readers are happy for Johnsy, and at the same time surprised that why the last leaf stays so long in the wind and cannot help feeling sorry for losing such a great and caring artist. The ending of the story is unexpected yet rational. The author does not give a positive description of the scene of Behrman drawing the ivy leaf with life, only relays through Sue’s mouth at the end of the story. As the mystery is unveiled, the story achieves its climax, but the climax is the end of the story at the same time. The story stops suddenly. The author always tells the story in a flat tone, neither the ups and downs nor twists and turns, and the plots advance slowly and are rational. But the end lets readers wonder. In the above discussion, readers do not see any clues of the old artist painting the last leaf to save Johnsy, but the ending reveals a miracle of life. The potential artistic charm of the work shines out miraculously. The artistic charm of O’Henry ending is just like this. Rereading the whole short story, the old Behrman is the protagonist of the story, the spirit of the whole short story. B. Plot Blank The skill O’Henry uses when he designs his unexpected ending is structure overlapping of apparent and shadow clues. The light clue hides the dark clue, and in progress of the plot some details have always been hidden, and the most important secret is conserved, and this is the use of â€Å"plot blank†. The â€Å"plot blank† is in the process of the continuous plots, purposely skips and it does not show a link and goes into the third event straightly from the first one. The skipping of this plot is the â€Å"plot blank†. The plots of short story are showing materials selected strictly by the author through eliminating the false and retaining the true, deserting the dross and remaining the essence. They shoulder the important mission of expressing the themes and conveying the writer’s emotion, showing the personality and psychology of the characters. Therefore the narrators of the short stories are always careful in plot selection and typical refining, they also apply the most expressive characters act as the plot and make trade-offs. The discarded plots can be unnecessary or insignificant part of the story. But he value situation is to deliberately give up the plots which are closely related to the theme, make plot blank and leave room for the readers to stir up imagination, giving the readers re-creation pleasure and aesthetic enjoyment. O’Henry uses â€Å"plot blank† skillfully in The Last Leaf. He avoids talking anything about Behrman, and only shows that Behrman is an unsuccessful artist in the eyes of other people. This makes a tremendous contrast with the artist who paints a leaf that can be confused as real one in the following part of the short story. Is this artist really as bad as others say? The readers can judge it. The action that Behrman paints the leaf should be the key plot of the work, but the author eliminates the process that old Behrman climbs a ladder to light a hope for the Johnsy in the cold rainy night. Only at the end of the story Sue simply reveals the fact, Behrman died because he painted the vine leaf, making people suddenly realize the fact and at the same time it gets a huge shock on the soul. In the former part of the story, the readers does not see any clues that the old painter would save Johnsy , but at the end of the story it reveals a miracle of life, thus the internal artistic feature of the work shines out miraculously. From the view of receptive esthetics, the readers needs to finish the creation and addition of the plot. When the readers look back the story carefully, it is easy to imagine that in the rainstorm the old painter is dragging his faltering footsteps, strenuously climbing up the ladder and the rain wets his clothes and blurs his eyes, but he paints firmly. Because he knows that this is not an ordinary leaf and this is Johnsy’s only hope of life. He is helping Johnsy as well as realizing his artistic dream. Thus the surface plots of the story gradually are weakened while the internal circumstances are highlighted. The convergence of the surface events turns to the rational development of psychological feelings. The reasonable explanation of the whole work not merely relies on external circumstances, but on the emotional circumstances. Ingenious conception and clever structure is O’Henry’s distinctive features. In The Last Leaf, O’Henry uses two clues of the apparent and shadow alternately, forming â€Å"plot blank† to make the end of the story unexpected. The structure feature is the most dazzling jewel of the â€Å"O. Henry technique†. VI. Conclusion Short stories are wonderful flowers in the garden of the world literature, and O’Henry is one of the most successful gardeners. He has had a vast influence on an entire generation of writers attempting to see the society clearly and write the unexpected ending smartly. He puts his artist’s eyes and ears on the sights and sounds of the American society, and he takes ordinary events and incidents from everyday life, but he designs the plots skillfully. O’Henry is a productive writer and he is known by the world for his â€Å"O’Henry technique†. The Last Leaf tells a moving story which is familiar to lots of readers. And this short story has many similarities with O’Henry’s other stories but it has its special aspects. The present thesis has studied O’Henry’s writing style shown in The Last Leaf. The first part of this thesis probes this short story’s language feature, which is exact, vivid, easy-understanding and changeable. Language is a weapon of O’Henry, useful and helpful to his creation. Chapter two has discussed the structure of The Last Leaf: â€Å"plot blank† and unexpected ending. O’Henry uses â€Å"plot blank† smartly, leaving out some key information, resulting in an unexpected ending. This makes the story attractive, and gives the readers a room to imagine. O’Henry has been one of the most popular and widely read American short story writers and people are familiar with his creations. O’Henry’s stories are storehouse of human wisdom closely related not only to his own time and people but also those of the whole world. In conclusion, O’Henry is a rare creative artist with a unique vision.

Free Essays on “A Modest Proposal“

Interpretation of â€Å"A Modest Proposal† â€Å"A Modest Proposal† was a satirical essay written by Jonathan Swift depicting the horrific conditions of Ireland and the lives of the Irish people in 1729. The author portrays and attacks the cruel and unjust oppression of Ireland by its oppressor, the mighty English and ridicules the Irish people at the same time. However, Swift's opposition is indirectly presented. Jonathan Swift is able to do so by using the persona, irony, and wit in order to expose the remarkable corruption and degradation of the Irish people, and at the same time present them with practicable solutions to their unscrupulous and pathetic lives. The author uses a satire to accomplish his objective not only because he is able to conceal his true identity but also because it is the most effective way to awake the people of Ireland into seeing their own depravity. Swift creates a fictional persona because by hiding his true identity he is able to convince the readers of the significance of Ireland's problem and allow them to see truth and reality. The persona is a concerned Irishman who is very intelligent, sound, and serious. He appears to be a brute and a monster for proposing something evil and immoral very calmly as if it is normal to consume the flesh of another human being. What makes his proposal to be even more depraved is that he proposes to eat the babies. The persona declares, â€Å"and at exactly at one year old that I propose to provide for them, in a such a manner as, instead of being a charge upon their parents, or the parish, or wanting food and raiment for the rest of their lives, they shall, on the contrary, contribute to the feeding and partly to the clothing of many thousands† (2467). The persona justifies his proposal with numerous reasons. Besides the prevention of voluntary abortions and infanticide, it will also prevent the loss of money for maintenance of children and the abuse of women and child... Free Essays on â€Å"A Modest Proposalâ€Å" Free Essays on â€Å"A Modest Proposalâ€Å" Interpretation of â€Å"A Modest Proposal† â€Å"A Modest Proposal† was a satirical essay written by Jonathan Swift depicting the horrific conditions of Ireland and the lives of the Irish people in 1729. The author portrays and attacks the cruel and unjust oppression of Ireland by its oppressor, the mighty English and ridicules the Irish people at the same time. However, Swift's opposition is indirectly presented. Jonathan Swift is able to do so by using the persona, irony, and wit in order to expose the remarkable corruption and degradation of the Irish people, and at the same time present them with practicable solutions to their unscrupulous and pathetic lives. The author uses a satire to accomplish his objective not only because he is able to conceal his true identity but also because it is the most effective way to awake the people of Ireland into seeing their own depravity. Swift creates a fictional persona because by hiding his true identity he is able to convince the readers of the significance of Ireland's problem and allow them to see truth and reality. The persona is a concerned Irishman who is very intelligent, sound, and serious. He appears to be a brute and a monster for proposing something evil and immoral very calmly as if it is normal to consume the flesh of another human being. What makes his proposal to be even more depraved is that he proposes to eat the babies. The persona declares, â€Å"and at exactly at one year old that I propose to provide for them, in a such a manner as, instead of being a charge upon their parents, or the parish, or wanting food and raiment for the rest of their lives, they shall, on the contrary, contribute to the feeding and partly to the clothing of many thousands† (2467). The persona justifies his proposal with numerous reasons. Besides the prevention of voluntary abortions and infanticide, it will also prevent the loss of money for maintenance of children and the abuse of women and child...

Far from Empire - German Colonial History and its Memorials

Far from Empire - German Colonial History and its Memorials Europe’s long and sinister colonial history can still be experienced in many places. Forced-upon European heritage, such as languages or the ominous right to militarily intervene, are found all over the globe. The different colonial narratives of the British Empire, the Spanish Navy or Portuguese traders are well known and often still glorified as a grand national past. Outside of Germany, the country’s colonial history is not referred to often within Germany it is a rather sore topic. Being overshadowed by the two World Wars, it is up to recent historical studies to fully bring it into the light. Even if – in terms of gaining territory, compared to its rivals - Germany’s colonial endeavors weren’t exactly successful, German colonial forces are guilty of terrible crimes against peoples indigenous to their colonies. As are so many European histories of the 17th,18th, 19th and 20th century, the German one is not short of gruesome acts committed in the name of forging a global empire. German East Africa and German-Samoa Even though Germans were part of the European Colonial Expansion right from the beginning, the engagement of Germany as a formal colonial power started its endeavors rather late. One reason was that the foundation of the German Empire in 1871, before that there was no â€Å"Germany† that could, as a nation, colonize anyone. Maybe that is another reason for the pressing necessity to acquire colonies, which seems to have been felt by German officials. From 1884 on, Germany quickly incorporated African colonies such as Togo, Cameroon, Namibia and Tanzania (some under different names) into the Empire. A few Pacific Islands and a Chinese colony followed. The German colonial officers aimed at being very efficient colonizers, which resulted in very ruthless and brutal behavior towards the natives. This, of course, sparked rebellions and uprisings, which the oppressors, in turn, brutally put down. In German South-West Africa (Namibia), the German leaders attempted to segregate all inhabitants by a German upper class and an African working class – following an ideology of deep biologist racism. This kind of segregation was not limited to German colonies. All of European colonialism shows this attribute. But, one can say that German forces were the most efficient as the examples of Namibia and, a Generation later, the occupation of Eastern Europe show. German colonialism was driven by heavy armed conflicts, some of which are rightfully called genocide (e.g. the so-called Herero Wars, which lasted from ca. 1904 until 1907), as German attacks and the following famines were responsible for the death of an estimated 80% of all Herero. The German colonies in the â€Å"South Sea† also fell victim to colonial violence. German battalions were even part of ending the Boxer Rebellion in China. The first period of German colonialism ended after World War I when its protectorates were taken from the Reich, as it was unfit to be a colonial power. But the Third Reich brought a second period of course. A surge of colonial memorials throughout the 1920s, ’30s, and 40s prepared the public for a dawning new colonial age. One, that quickly ended with the victory of the Allied Forces in 1945. Memories and Memorials - Germany’s Colonial Past is Surfacing The last few years of public debate and discourse have made it clear: Germany’s colonial past can no longer be ignored and has to be duly addressed. Local initiatives successfully fought for the recognition of colonial crimes (e.g. through having the designations of streets changed, that bore the name of colonial leaders) and historians emphasized how history and collective memory itself is often a construct rather than an organically grown development. The self-definition of a society or community is created through delimitation on the one hand and the construction of a common past through notions of unifying grandeur, such as military victories, on the other. The composition of the latter is supported by memorials, memorabilia, as well as historic artifacts. In the case of German colonial history, these items are vastly overshadowed the Third Reich and are often only viewed in its context. Recent history and the present show that there is still a long way to go when it comes to processing Germany’s colonial history. Many streets still carry the names of colonial commanders guilty of war crimes, and many memorials still show German colonialism in an exotic, rather romantic light.

Compare and Contrast the customs of Mexican Americans and Puerto Term Paper

Compare and Contrast the customs of Mexican Americans and Puerto Ricans - Term Paper Example There are as many Puerto Ricans living in the United States than those living in the small island that has a population of four million (CountryWatch, 2011). Puerto Rico became property of the United States back in 1898 after the United States won the Spaniard-American war. A common trait between both ethnicities is that they are typically bilingual (English / Spanish). The Spanish spoken by Puerto Ricans is a bit different than the Spanish spoken by Mexican Americans in terms of words and accent. The parents of Puerto Ricans and Mexican Americans teach their kids Spanish at home and Spanish is often spoken in their households. Both races are sports fanatics. In boxing there is a big rivalry between Mexicans and Puerto Ricans. The Oscar De la Hoya vs. Tito Trinidad bout at the time was the biggest revenue generating non heavyweight pay per view bout in the history of boxing. Oscar De La Hoya is the most successful Mexican American fighter in the history of boxing. Baseball is the national pastime of Puerto Ricans, while many Mexican Americans prefer to play soccer. The tourism and travel tendencies of the two groups are different as Puerto Ricans often travel back and forth from the mainland US to the island of Puerto Rico. Sometimes Mexican Americans due to immigration issues of their parents do not travel as much back and forth. When they travel Puerto Ricans do not have to worry about foreign exchange considerations since Puerto Rico shares the same currency with the United States. Both ethnic groups believe a lot in the value of being a good host to their guests. Offering food and drinks to guests is a mutual custom of both groups of Latinos. The traditional foods of each Latino group are very different. Mexican Americans often eat a diet associated with floor tortillas, corn, refried beans, and rice, and chilies, spices, vegetables, beef, and cheese (CultureGrams, 2011). In Puerto Rico the most common meal is

Human resource management in UK government Essay

Human resource management in UK government - Essay Example The financial stringencies of recent years have combined with growing anxieties about seemingly inflated local authority staff numbers to persuade local authorities to make increasing efforts to make better use of their existing staff, in order to reduce demands for extra posts. The pressure imposed by compulsory competitive tendering to reduce labour costs in order to retain service contracts within the local authority have also produced major changes in human resource management in local government (Fenwick, Shaw and Foreman, 2003). Since a long time, methods of improving human resource management and establishment control have expanded greatly in UK. Work study and organisation and methods techniques have developed rapidly. Computers have made the task of collecting, storing and analysing human resource records easier and quicker, a development which alarmed some trade union leaders because of the fear of job losses, as well as possible threats to privacy. In 1984 the Data Protection Act both improved the legal protection of confidentiality and gave data subjects the right to see information held about themselves on computers and correct it where it is inaccurate (Elcock, Stephenson 1996). The development of these and other new management techniques led the Fulton Committee to urge the speedy development of systematic human resource management in the civil service. Similarly, the Bains Committee (1972) urged local authorities to recognise that: The human problems of management in local government are in no way different from those in industry or the civil service. The resources devoted to the solution and more important the prevention of those problems in local government are in our view generally inadequate. (Bacon, Eltis, 2001) Local government had not, in the Bains Committee's view, made adequate use of the techniques available for improving its efficiency in the use of personnel. However, concern about human resource management is relatively new in local government. In the mid-1960s, the Mallaby Committee was charged with investigating the staffing of local government and its report was hardly a recipe for a radical change of approach to human resource management. In the chapter devoted to this subject, the committee made frequent references to the previous inquiry into local government staffing carried out by the Hadow Committee and it did little more than endorse the recommendations of the earlier committee. Thus the Hadow Committee had recommended that local authorities should create establishment committees responsible for human resource matters, including controlling the size of the authority's departments and vetting requests for new posts. This was establishments work as traditionally understood in the public services: a concern to restrain the size of departments and ensure that new posts are created only when they are absolutely necessary. The establishments committee should be advised by the authority's clerk, a member of whose staff should take responsibility for human resource matters. This approach was largely supported by the Mallaby Commi

James S. Hirsch’s Book, Hurricane :: Essays Papers

James S. Hirsch’s Book, Hurricane In James S. Hirsch’s book about Rubin "Hurricane" Cater, Hurricane, the author describes how Carter was wrongfully imprisoned and how he managed to become free. Hirsch tells about the nearly impossible battle for Carter and his friend John Artis for freedom and justice. Both, Carter and Artis, were convicted of a triple homicide, and both were innocent. The book raises the importance of, and questions, the writ of habeas corpus. Carter used a writ of habeas corpus to get a federal trial. Many question the legality of Carter going into federal jurisdiction, when his case should have been heard before the Supreme Court of New Jersey. It was a gamble, but the federal judge gave fair justice to Carter and Artis. The State of New Jersey appealed the case all the way to the United States Supreme Court, which upheld the District Court’s ruling. Rubin "Hurricane" Carter was a boxer who hailed from Paterson, New Jersey. His story begins in the summer of 1966, during the Civil Rights Movement. Carter was at the Lafayette Bar and Grill on June 17th, but he was denied service by the bartender, James Oliver, due to his race. Carter left the bar after being denied service. Around 2:30 A.M., two armed black men came into the Lafayette Bar and opened fire. Oliver and one customer were killed instantly. Two other patrons, Hazel Tanis and William Marins, were seriously wounded. Patty Valentine, a tenant who lived above the bar, looked out her window just after the shooting. She saw two black men leave in a white car. Nearby Alfred Bello and Arthur Bradley were breaking into a factory. Bello was the lookout, and his exact location - inside or outside the bar - would be a point of concentration for the next twenty years. The police arrived at the bar within minutes. They took statements from Marins, Valenine, and Bello. Not one of them said they had seen Rubin Carter, one of Paterson’s most well-known citizens, at the scene. A police bulletin radioed officers to be on the lookout for a white car with two black men inside. Four minutes after the shooting, but before the police bulletin, a Paterson police officer was chasing a speeding white car which was leaving town.

Leadership Communication Essay

While some people may assume leadership communication does not have to be led by an effective communicator. , It is essential to know that people that withhold leadership positions in organizations need to have strong effective communication skills that are successful within the organizations that suite their positions. Public health organizations such as health departments have leadership communicators who initially, address issues that reflect the present and future of the organization to other members and staff. This is a detailed duty that needs to ensure a person is a superior communicator (Barrett, 2006). Messages that are given from a leadership perspective reflect values of the organization such as vision, mission, and culture (Barrett, 2006). Leadership communicators also focus on consistency expressed through an organizations values in which they communicate frequently within the organization. People that withhold positions in leadership communication strengthen the values and culture within an organization based on organizational values and the mission of the organization (Barrett, 2006). Leadership without good communication is a setback in many organizations, which is why it’s desired for anyone in leadership communication to have certain traits and characteristics. This essay will depict the traits and characteristics needed for success. I chose this as a topic of interest because; many people are unaware of what leadership communication is and the things that they should be aiming towards to become a more effective communicator. I felt that if this topic was highlighted from a different perspective it would strengthen the communication and/or make people in leadership communications become more effective and beneficial communicators within their organizations. I chose to look at leadership communication from the public health leadership aspect  of organizations, because it is essential for them to have strong effective communicators. Surely, while again some people may feel leadership communication does not have to be led by an effective communicator. This essay will highlight some key essentials so that it’s better understood why it is essential that people that withhold positions such as these in leadership have strong effective communication skills within public leadership positions. Effective Communication Concepts/Skills Working in the public health sector has allowed me to familiarize myself with the communication concepts of effective leadership communication. People that withhold positions in proficient development as public health leaders are required to have very strong communication skills. Leaders require competency-based instruction in order to increase their ability to address complex and changing demands of critical services (Wright, 2000). Anyone that is in a leadership position has to be able to speak clearly and proficiently to various types of people. Public health requires individuals in communication leadership to also withhold personal skills of leadership that are essential to the success of public health organizations. People in leadership must master effective communication in order for people around them to have assurance in what they are verbalizing about from a leadership standpoint. Being an effectual leader is well-established in knowledge and implementation of accurate communication skills (Baack, 2012). Lines of communication must always be open from a leadership standpoint in which the people they are speaking to. Interpersonal influences reflect the way the audience receives the information from a leadership standpoint. Communication Process in Leadership The communication process in leadership involves interchanging messages between the source and the receiver (Rowitz, 2012). Maintaining a healthy communication has proven to be effective in productivity. Individuals that withhold positions in communication leadership have to ensure the proper communication channels are followed and open in order to ensure effective communication in the workplace. In the public health sector communication channels have to be open at all times in which all employees understand how they work within the workplace. There are many different ways in which  communication is transmitted within the workplace through leadership communication such as, emails, phones, letters, memos, and face to face meetings. These are very common in public health organizations, due to the increased demand of communication. Leadership communicators look for feedback through all sources of communication that enhances the communication process. The communication process’s can either be verbal or non-verbal. Managers need to ensure that no matter which way they communicate that its always effective communication. Important Traits for Leadership Communicators Many people are unaware of what traits a person in leadership must poses in order to be a successful and effective communicator. Personal characteristic traits such as the ability to make public speeches, rather it’s a group or individual communication. Motivation is a very essential characteristic. People in the public health sector have to be very compassionate and motivated about things in which they are speaking, based on the fact the main goal and function is to communicate effectively to the public in which they understand. Can you imagine if someone was trying to persuade you to stop smoking, through a public speech in which they were non- motivated? The speech would not be considered effective and would not pose as an effective outreach to the public. As a person in leadership when reaching out to do health education to the public we have to ensure we are portraying effective leadership skills, in which people generally look for when speaking. Communication skills are very important to ensure effective leadership in communication. When speaking publicly there is a lot of diversity that public speakers encounter. The proper traits and skills generally assist in these matters and prove to be effective in meeting the needs of various groups through effective communication. Most successful leaders have these traits and skills needed. Leaders also have to be able to respond appropriately and think quickly. Many times, when public health organizations hire or seek people to speak in leadership positions they ensure that the candidate posses certain traits, characteristics, and skills. They make certain the candidate knows how to communicate with all elements of the organization; the public health sector is a major organization with numerous groups of people. Leaders are required to know  how and when to communicate with everyone within the organization, including employees, other managers, and community leaders. All groups require a different communication style and leadership style in which a person in leadership communication must be able to adapt at any time. Flexibility is an important aspect and is also required for skills that a leader must have. When he/she is delivering a message or presentation to the community it would differ in style compared to speaking to employees or other individuals in leadership. Applying Concepts By means of applying the concepts of effective leadership communication to public health organizations and identifying ways in which communication can be improved have found ways in which communication from a leadership perspective can be identified and more effective within the community. By applying the organizational communication concept general communication plays a key component in effective leadership communication. I have found develops that a person that speaks publically through leadership begins to build effective organizational communication is targeted through open dialogue which is developed between management and employees. This show’s to be a result of improved engagement and productivity amongst all personnel. Research When researching leadership communication concepts it allowed me to understand the overall dynamics of an effective leader and the role that they play in the public health sector. When you work in a public health organization you are able to identify and understand what effectiveness is, it makes it easier to identify it within a speaker. When you are able to recognize what skills a person must poses in order to be the most effective as a communicator it makes it a lot easier to improve and evaluate different aspects of communication. I have identified areas in which some people need to improve on as they take roles in leadership communication. If areas that need improvement are highlighted implementations can be made for improvement. The characteristics and traits identified in this essay which surrounds productivity and success behind an organization that presents effective communication through leadership (Rowitz, 2012) supersedes the  amount of people that assume people in leadership do not have to poses skills and concepts to be effective communicator’s. Those who have no knowledge draw incorrect assumptions (Barrett, 2006).This essay has highlighted through my research the knowledge and concepts that some lack when it comes to leadership communication. As Barrett states, â€Å"Leadership without good communication is a setback in many organizations, which is why it’s desired for anyone in leadership communication to have certain traits and characteristics. Communication Training Program In the future of building a leadership communication training program I would propose an organizational leadership and communication certificate training program. The program would be designed to teach people internally within the organization the key fundamentals of leadership development and effective communication strategies. The program would be a team building approach in which everyone would benefit successfully. Upon completing the training program which would be primarily 8 weeks each participant would receive a certificate of completion for successfully completing the program. The training would assist in developing leadership skills, as well as teach speaking skills in a presentation/workshop style class dynamic. Individuals would be introduced to ways in which they could improve their leadership skills. By offering trainings employees and leadership communicators will be able to identify and improve their areas of weakness. I have found that trainings improve employee mora le making communication more effective ensuring successes in productivity. Conclusion Though my researches I have concluded that people that are in leadership positions as communicators must be effective communicators and have a strong set of skills and characteristics that have been highlighted throughout my thesis. This essay depicted the traits and characteristics needed for success. It is essential that people that withhold positions such as these in leadership have strong effective communication skills within public leadership positions. While some people may still assume leadership communication does not have to be led by an effective communicator, facts prove differently based on success within organizations that recognize  specific traits and characteristics needed to succeed in effective communication. The more trainings and improvements that are implemented will ensure that individuals in leadership are well prepared for public speaking within and outside of the community. References Baack, D. (2012). Management communication. San Diego, CA: Bridgepoint Education, Inc. Barrett, Deborah. (2006). Leadership communications. McGraw-Hill Professional, Education, Inc. Garcia, H. F. (2012). Leadership communications: Planning for the desired reaction. Strategy & Leadership, 40(6), 42-45. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/10878571211278886 Hackman, M. Z., & Johnson, C. E. (2004). Leadership: A communication perspective. Long Grove, IL: Waveland Press. Hughes, R. L., Ginnett, R. C., & Curphy, G. J. (1996). Leadership. Irwin. Press, N. C. D. (1996). Organizational communication. An Integrated Approach to Communication Theory and Research, 383. Rowitz, L. (2012). Public health leadership. Jones & Bartlett Publishers. Vries, R. E., Bakker-Pieper, A., & Oostenveld, W. (2010). Leadership=Communication? the relations of leaders’ communication styles with leadership styles, knowledge sharing and leadership outcomes. Journal of Business & Psychology, 25(3), 367-380. doi:http:/ /dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10869-009-9140-2. Wright, K., Rowitz, L., Merkle, A., Reid, W. M., Robinson, G., Herzog, B., †¦ & Baker, E. (2000). Competency development in public health leadership. American Journal of Public Health, 90(8), 1202.

My Struggle with Writing Drafts Essay - 642 Words

Writing drafts is something I struggle with every time I have to do an essay. It takes me over two hours to finish an introduction. Once done with the introduction the body of the essay easy until I get to the conclusion, which is when my struggle to complete the draft returns. I believe the introduction of a draft is one of the most difficult parts for me of writing a draft because it is hard to come up with ideas for the introduction. Then the conclusion is hard because I have to find a way to restate what took me so long to come up with for the introduction. Ultimately, I will be able to complete a draft without difficulty for if I do them step by step and by write down my ideas and information before beginning anything and not to†¦show more content†¦It did not take much time to finish my introduction and from there the rest of the essay was quite easy. The conclusion was not that hard because since I had the information for the introduction I was able to use the sa me notes for the conclusion, making it easier for me to do. Also I have learned that by doing the draft step by step as in introduction, body, and conclusion also helped me get through the process of writing the draft. Not doing all the draft at once really helped because if did not feel the pressure of having to finish it all together. First, I would do the introduction and then maybe thirty or sixty minutes later, I would do the body, then after another short brake, I would do the conclusion. This has helped a lot with my draft because between those breaks I would think of something else to include in the paper. As well as giving my self time to think this way of drafting gave me an opportunity to check me paper more thoroughly because I would check each section individually and that way I found mistakes I would have missed before. Though some of the things that I did to help me make my drafts easier to complete, help like the ones above other did not. I tried doing a draft a ll at once without stopping and that did not help much. By the time I got to the end and I reread what I had written before I would forget the other details I had wanted to add. The other way I tried to makeShow MoreRelatedThe Bottom Line By Anne Lamott977 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"The bottom line is that I like my first drafts to be blind, unconscious, messy efforts; that is what gets me the best material† (Egan). Egan says that when writing, she just lets her words flow regardless of how it may turn out, if it sounds bad, or whether it contains multiple mistakes or grammatical errors. For Egan, getting the work done is all that matters first. Once she gets the first draft done, then she worries about critiques. 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American Library Association Sources of Demographic Data Free Essay Example, 1000 words

The intercensal household survey is another means through which population data can be collected. Its main advantage is that it allows collection of detailed data on economic, social, and housing characteristics that can never be achieved through census processes. Additionally, the household-based surveys are usually the most flexible means of data collection for population analysis processes. Notably, they are sure means of examining detailed subjects and providing timely information especially about the merging social and economic issues (The University of Akron, 2001). Moreover, they add experiences and increase the ability of field and house technical staff as well as maintaining resources that have once been developed including sample frames, maps, infrastructures, field operation, and capabilities of data processing. The commonly known household surveys include specialized surveys, multi-subject surveys, longitudinal or panel surveys, and specialized survey. It should be noted that each of these surveys is vital for certain types of data collection needs. The main advantage of household surveys is that they may be costly particularly for countries that have not initiated such programs. Administrative records are also means through which population statistics can be compiled. We will write a custom essay sample on American Library Association: Sources of Demographic Data or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/page

Kate Chopins Awakening - Edna Pontellier as Master of...

In Kate Chopins The Awakening, the main character, Edna leaves her husband to find place in the world. Edna believes her new sexually independent power will make her master of her own life. But, as Martin points out, she has overestimated her strength and is still hampered by her limited ability to direct her energy and to master her emotions (22). Unfortunately, Edna has been educated too much in the traditions of society and not enough in reason and independent survival, admitting to Robert that we women learn so little of life on the whole (990). She has internalized societys conception of woman as guided by her emotions and not her mind and, therefore, in the search for another man to fill the void of love in her†¦show more content†¦The grand patriarchal tradition of marriage refuses to be so easily destroyed. Realist resistance to the romantic ideal was necessarily vague during the fin de siecle, partly because of intensifying competition between the irreconcilable paradigms of Victorian domesticity and the feminism of the New Woman. Raised to believe that such a woman as Adele Ratignolle is Madonna-like in her passivity and self-effacement, Edna is unavoidably confused by her instinctive rebellion: She was flushed and felt intoxicated with the sound of her own voice and the unaccustomed taste of candor. It muddled her like wine, or like a first breath of freedom (899). The same vague confusion and hazy awareness that comes with intoxication fills her mind when she becomes drugged with freedom. Chopin uses dream imagery to contribute to the atmosphere of ambiguity. Ednas sleep is disturbed with dreams that [are] intangible, that elud[e] her, leaving only an impression upon her half-awakened senses of something unattainable (913). She is only half-awakened because she is like a child not knowing what to do with her new toy, and does not possess the skills to turn idealism into realism. According to Michael T. Gilmore, both Chopin and Edna remain trapped in habits of thought they oppose, conceptual systems that prove so pertinacious that they saturate the very act of opposition. Edna, whoShow MoreRelatedEssay about Feminism in The Awakening986 Words   |  4 Pagesthe novel The Awakening, by Kate Chopin the critical approach feminism is a major aspect of the novel. According to dictionary.reference.com the word feminism means, â€Å"The doctrine advocating social, political, and all other rights of women equal to those of men.† The Awakening takes place during the late eighteen hundreds to early nineteen hundreds, in New Orleans. The novel is about Edna Pontellier and her family on a summer vacation. Edna, who is a wife and mother, is inferior to her husband, LeonceRead MoreFemale Empowerment in Kate Chopins The Awakening7915 Words   |  32 Pages16.04.2011 Female Empowerment in Kate Chopin’s â€Å"The Awakening† Anjana Dhir BA Englisch KF, Geschichte NF 3. Semester Table of Contents 1. Introduction 3 2. The French – Creole society of Louisiana 4 2.1 Cultural background 4 2.2 French-Creole women 5 3. The Role of Women 6 4.1 Edna vs. Madame Ratignolle 7 3.1.1 â€Å"A

Instant Coffee Production Free Essays

string(103) " necessary to fill the packs under a blanket of inert gas such as CO2 to reduce the risk of oxidation\." Introduction Instant coffee is an aromatic beverage, consisting of water with additional compounds extracted from coffee beans during brewing, which have then been dehydrated into a soluble coffee form. Coffee beans are seeds from coffee fruit, selected from different sources (location and seasons). The blend could give a particular taste of the brand and also help to reduce the risk of shortage or price fluctuation from a single raw material supplier. We will write a custom essay sample on Instant Coffee Production or any similar topic only for you Order Now Coffee arabica produces the finest coffee, while coffee robusta produces a strong but inferior coffee. Processing There are two main primary processing methods: the unwashed or dry process, which produces naturals, and the washed or wet process, which produces washed coffees. In the dry process the ripe cherries are dried in their entirety after which they are mechanically decorticated to produce the green bean. In the washed or wet process the ripe cherries are pulped and fermented to remove the sticky sugary coating called mucilage that adheres to the beans (this can also be done mechanically), and the beans are then washed and dried. This lactic fermentation involves the action of Leuc. mesenteroids, L. berivs and Streptococcus faecalis. In all procedures the parchment skin is later removed mechanically after drying. Better flavour is achieved if the beans are processed by the wet method rather than the dry method when removing the hull, Wet processing helps in developing ‘soft buttery notes’ in the cup, unlike the thick ‘robust’ notes that are observed in the averag e robusta cup. Beans are mixed by weight portion and no special arrangement of mixing is required. Many imported beans are shipped green, as can be stored in the state with little loss of quality, before roasting. The roasting operation develops the characteristic flavour and headspace aroma. There are two stages of transformation in which the 12% of moisture is driven off and pyrolysis occurs, with the swelling of the beans. Roasting time determines classification as a light, medium or dark roast. The first stage take up about 80% of the roasting time with green beans gradually changing from a straw colour to a pale brown. The second stage of roasting leads to the rapid darkening, emission of oily smoke and crackling sounds, with the chemical composition of the beans rapidly changing. A porous microstructure is formed and the density of coffee bean is almost halved after roasting (from ca. 1.3 g.ml-1 to ca. 0.7 g.ml-1). The degree of roasting is key for quality consistency of the final product. This can be measured by the colour or density of the roasted beans. Roasting time can be set for predetermined roasting degree. The roasters currently available for roasting operations include vertica l rotating bowl roasters, vertical static drum roasters, horizontal rotating drum roasters, fluidized bed roasters and pressure roasters. Horizontal roasting drum roasters are the most popular, with either a perforated wall or a solid wall. Grinding reduces the size of the coffee bean to small particles. A multi-roller can be used, where the coffee beans pass through up to four stages of size reduction, with the gap between rollers decreasing with each stage. Extraction involves the separation of the soluble solids and volatile aroma/flavour compounds are extracted from ground coffee granules, using hot water as the solvent. An example of such an extractor is a percolation battery extraction device, or a counter-current continuous screw extractor, where a pressurized water feeding system can be used to enhance extraction efficiency. Solvent extraction is not a single stage operation but involves loading the coffee, spraying with solvent (water) until the solute content is reduced to the economical minimum, and excavated. In the production of instant coffee, a series of extraction tanks are linked together to form an extraction battery. Hot water is fed into the take containing roasted granules that are almost extracted and then flows through the various tanks in series before it is withdrawn from the freshly charged tank. Both spray drying and freeze drying are commonly used for instant coffee manufacturing. Spray drying operates at a high temperature, providing an efficient and economic method for the dehydration of coffee solution. However freeze drying has a much better retention of flavour/aroma compounds, but at a relatively higher cost. Freeze drying depends on low temperatures (below -20oC) and the absence of drying air during the dehydration process. The complete process includes freezing, granulation, and then freeze-drying. The slower the highly concentrated coffee is frozen, the larger the ice crystals formed, essential in preserving the best possible colour as well as increasing the solubility of the final product. A band freezer is commonly used, where the band is divided into four to six temperature zones, each of which are cooled by to the required temperature. The coffee extract is then transported through the temperature zones for controlled freezing, leaving the band as flakes at a temperature of approximately -40oC. These frozen flakes are then ground up and fed into a granulator with a built-in perforated plate. The flakes are granulated and passed through holes in the plate, sorting the granules into various sizes. The correctly sized granules are passed though a vacuum lock and a gate lock into the f reeze-drying cabinet, and emptied into a hopper. Below the pressure of 4.6mm Hg, the ice in the coffee goes directly from a solid to vapour without melting. This kind of evaporation is called sublimation. Dried coffee has little or no aroma, therefore, manufacturers usually recover the aromatic volatiles during the bean grinding or extraction processes, and spray them back onto the product just before the final filling operation. This will provide a coffee-like fragrance when the pack is opened. Packaging and shelflife The freeze-dried coffee enters the packaging section via a hopper and is automatically weighted, filled into polyethylene bags, and packed into cardboard cartons for bulk export, or filled into glass jars and labelled. As coffee oil is usually used as a carrier for the aromatic volatiles, it is necessary to fill the packs under a blanket of inert gas such as CO2 to reduce the risk of oxidation. You read "Instant Coffee Production" in category "Essay examples" Sealed packaging is necessary for volatile compound retention and to prevent moisture pick-up. High moisture content reduces coffee’s shelf life. At 7% moisture content, instant coffee may start to ‘cake’. Glass bottles or metal tins often used as containers for instant coffee. Beans that are at equilibrium and are inactive would have a moisture content of well below 12.5%. Beans with a high moisture content could be very actively respiring, giving up moisture and undergoing changes both physically and intrinsically. Physically, there would be a fading in colour and, depending on the moisture content, the temperature and the humidity of the surrounding area, this could result in bleaching and mould growth. Intrinsically, the cup quality could fade from a clean, strong and neutral cup to a ‘woody’, ‘aged’ and ‘musty’ cup. Safety and microbiological aspects A particular food safety issue for coffee is concern over the presence of ochratoxin A (OTA), a mycotoxin that can cause kidney damage, and is a possible human renal carcinogen. In coffee, OTA is produced by fungi of the Aspergillus genus (A. ochraceus, A. carbonarius, A. niger). It is mostly concentrated in the husk, which suggests that naturals (coffees dried in the fruit) are most at risk of contamination. In the European Union the following maximum limits apply to finished coffee products, effective 1st March 2007: roasted coffee – 5 ppb (parts per billion); soluble coffee – 10 ppb. The HACCP process can be used to establish where OTA enters the system and where the fungi causing OTA first appears. HACCP is a management system in which food safety is addressed through the analysis and control of biological, chemical and physical hazards from raw food material production to manufacturing and consumption. Careful inspection of visual appearance and any mouldy or earthy smells can be a useful tool for checking for the presence of OTA.?The monitoring of ?Pesticide residues in coffee is also a vital aspect of an HACCP system. Furthermore, coffee growers maintain chemical registers that detail, in chronological order, the type and quantities of all chemicals used and the timing of their application. Hydrocarbon contamination is usually caused by jute coffee bags because of the ‘batching oil’ used to soften the jute fibres before spinning. There have been instances of contaminated oil being used (old engine oil for example), leading to The International Jute Organization has established specifications (IJO Standard 98/01) for the manufacture of jute bags to be used in the food industry. Quality control The supplier must meet the contract specification of the buyer. The seller and buyer jointly established the quality parameters, which the seller is expected to respect continuously, shipment after shipment. Instant coffee produced must be suitable for human consumption, free from extraneous matter such as live pests and moulds, fully conform to the contract description or selling sample, with uniform quality, and be clean ‘in the cup’ i.e. free from abhorrent flavours. Instant coffee is graded according to quality. For the United States market, undergrade coffee is any type of coffee that grades below GCA type 6 (120 defects per 370 grams The US market prohibits imports below this grade, however most other markets do not normally specify that particular grades of coffee should not be imported, relying instead on general food and hygiene regulations. However, the ICO has introduced a set of worldwide minimum export standards in an attempt to remove the lowest coffees from the market altogether. The higher risk of mould and therefore OTA occurring in lowgrades is also likely to reduce the demand for such coffee. Improper processing techniques, including use of incorrect equipment and poor handling, contribute to defects in quality. Major off-tastes can occur as a result, including raw/green, fruity, overripe, fermented, chemical, earthy, and oily flavours. Problems that may occur include: The picking of overripe beans lowers cup quality leading to a fermented and ‘medicinal’ flavour, due to the deterioration of the fruit. A putrid, rotting off-taste may be caused due to microorganisms entering damaged beans if the coffee beans are not sorted on size, leading to the beans being cut during pulping. Black beans or ‘stinkers’ may be formed affecting quality. The water used for washing, as for all the stages of processing, should be clean to ensure the quality of the end product. Unclean water or water contaminated with fine silt, and recirculated water with a high solid content, could cause earthy, fruity or fermented and other off-tastes. During the preparation of the robusta beans, spreading the fruit in thick layers with inadequate stirring and raking could result in mould formation. This can adversely affect the visual appearance and the cup quality of the cherry beans. Lack of protection from rain and night dew during drying can also cause mould growth. Spicy and chemical off-tastes could be due to packaging in poor quality bags or bags in which spices or fertilizers have been packed earlier. Storing coffee with spices, chemicals, fertilizers or fungicides could also cause these off-tastes. Coffee beans easily absorb odours that could lower their aromatic quality. Based on visual quality, robusta beans could be categorized into three grades: above FAQ (fair average quality), FAQ (average) and below FAQ. Based on liquor quality, robusta beans could be classified as follows: Fine and special, where the liquor quality is soft, smooth and buttery, with good body, hardly any bitterness, and clean. This quality can be seen in robusta coffees which are washed and processed with care, in robusta beans which are grown at high altitudes and under shade, and in plant strains which have the inherent characteristics of lower caffeine content, softness and mellow flavour notes. Good, where the liquor quality could be described as good body, neutral, light bitterness, clean, with a hint of chocolate notes. Average, with a cup quality of fair body, fair neutrality, average bitterness, and clean. Below average, where the liquor, though of fair body, has harsh notes of the robusta fruit, is bitter though clean, and is flat with no flavour notes. Poor, a cup which is unclean, having medicinal, phenolic or rioy off notes, or strong harsh robusta notes, with or without body, bitter and unpleasant to the taste. What has been said above is not a universal methodology followed by all robusta producing origins. It is only a means to explain the quality attributes that could be encountered in a robusta cup and the manner in which these attributes could be classified. Individual buyers have their own classification and evaluation methods, but usually the attributes and ratings will be comparable to those above. ISO 9001 is a process-based quality management system that organizations can use to demonstrate the consistent quality of their products to customers and concerned regulatory institutions. When an organization’s quality management system complies with ISO 9001 and when the coffee is processed in accordance with these procedures, then the quality management system (not the product) can be ISO 9001 certified. Spoilage Physical and sensory properties Robusta beans have robust but clean strong and fruity flavours, and are often used in instant coffee preparation. Arabica coffee may also be used, and generally produce good liquors with acidity and flavour. However, these organoleptic properties can be affected by a number of factors. Poor visual colour in instant coffee, such as a whitish appearance could result in a low value. This indicates a poor processing technique, which could result in a fruity or fermented off-taste. Broken beans, on the other hand, could result not only in a high roasting loss, but also in charring of the beans and a poor cup quality, leading to off-tastes being produced, affecting the final soluble coffee product. The defect count is the measured presence or absence of defects such as blacks, browns, greens, faded and bleached beans, insect damaged beans, sour beans and extraneous matter such as twigs, sticks or stones. Maillard browning is desirable in the manufacture of coffee, causing beneficial sensory changes, as well as antimutagenic () and antioxidative properties (?). This enzymatic browning is catalysed by the enzyme polyphenol oxidase and can contribute to the overall acceptability of coffee. Products of enzymatic browning play a number of physiological roles i.e. melanonins produced may exhibit antibacterial and antifungal properties(?). Added ingredients: chicory added â€Å"French† coffee, fig added â€Å"Viennese† coffee Volatile components give coffee its characteristic fragrance. There are more than 600 classified flavour compounds in instant coffee. Heat vaporises them into the air. Instability of the volatile compounds can cause flavour of roasted coffee to deteriorate quickly as it cools, or if it is kept hot too long, evaporation causes the loss of many of these compounds and their flavours. Bitter substances – organic acids which give a bitter, slightly sour taste to coffee. Chlorogenic acid equals about 4% of roasted coffee beans, along with caffeine and polyphenols compounds. Coffee should never be boiled as these temperatures increase the solubility of the bitter compounds, resulting in unpalatable coffee. Coffee contains Methylxanthines such as caffeine and theobromine. These are compounds which stimulate the central nervous system, and have either positive or negative effects, depending upon the individual, including increased exercise performance, temporarily increased heartbeat, metabolism, stomach acid, sleep disturbance, and dilation and/or constriction of certain blood vessels. Diuretic effects, causing increased urination. Withdrawal symptoms include headaches, fatigue, moodiness and depression. Legal aspects The ICO council passed Resolution 420 (May 2004) which recommends voluntary targets for the minimum quality export standards for both arabica and robusta. The ICO’s Coffee Quality-Improvement Programme calls on producing members to endeavour to restrict the export of arabica coffee with more than 86 defects per 300 g sample or robusta coffee with more than 150 defects per 300 g. The Programme also asks members to endeavour not to allow arabica or robusta of any grade to be exported whose moisture content is below 8% or above 12.5%. For the coffee year October 2009 – September 2010 the ICO reported that 24 exporting members, accounting for nearly 59 million bags or nearly 60% of all 2009/10 exports, provided information on the quality of the coffee they exported. Of these exports over 57 million bags (96%) were classified as being within the Resolution’s defects and moisture targets. The split arabica/robusta was 92% arabica and 8% robusta. Coffee can be decaffeinated by the use of a solvent, water, or super-critical cardon dioxide. Reference: Brennan, J. (2006). Food processing handbook. 1st Edition. UK: Wiley-VCH. Brown, A. (2008). Understanding food: principles and preparation. 1st Edition. USA: Thomson Learning, Inc. Clarke, R., and Macrae, R. (1985). Coffee volume 1: chemistry. 1st Edition. USA Elsevier Applied Science Publishers Ltd. Dalgleish, J. (1990). Freeze-drying for the food industries. 1st Edition. UK: Elsevier science publishers Ltd. Goldblith, S., Rey, L., and Rothmayr, W. (1975). Freeze drying and advanced food technology. 1st Edition. USA: Academic Press Inc. Haarer, A. (1962). Modern coffee production. 2nd Edition. UK: Ebenezer Baylis and Son, Ltd. Hone, A. (1993). Soluble coffee: technical and marketing opportunities and constraints for origin producers. NRI marketing series 8. UK: Natural Resources Institute. Marshall, C. (1983). The world coffee trade. 1st Edition. UK: St Edmundsbury Press. Tull, A. (1989). Food science and technology. 1st Edition. UK: Oxford University Press. Streeten, P., and Elson, D. (1971). Diversification and development: the case of coffee. 1st Edition. USA: Praeger Publishers, Inc. http://www.intracen.org/coffee-guide/quality-control-issues/phenolic-taste-rio-flavour-fermented/ http://www.fao.org/ http://www.ipfsaph.org/servlet /CDSServlet?status=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~~ http://www.coffee-ota.org/ http://www.fda.gov/Food/default.htm http://www.fda.gov/Food/default.htm http://www.coffeeinstitute.org/the-q-coffee-system.html How to cite Instant Coffee Production, Essay examples